Supreme Court Splits GOP on Trump Tariffs, Reveals Deep Philosophical Divide

When the Supreme Court struck down Donald Trump's tariffs, it wasn't just about trade policy. It was about something far more fundamental: who gets to decide what presidents can and cannot do.

In Learning Resources v. Trump (2026), six justices invalidated the former president's tariff regime, but the 6-3 split revealed an unexpected coalition. Three Republican-appointed justices—Neil Gorsuch, Amy Coney Barrett, and John Roberts—joined all three Democratic appointees, while Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, and Brett Kavanaugh dissented.

The Tariff Question That Divided Republicans

The case hinged on whether a 1977 law giving presidents authority to "regulate" imports and exports included the power to tax them. Since the Constitution explicitly grants Congress—not the president—the power to "lay and collect taxes," this wasn't a trivial distinction.

What made this politically fascinating was how it scrambled traditional partisan lines. Former Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell praised the decision. Meanwhile, the ruling united Democrats while dividing Republicans—the opposite of most contentious political issues.

But beneath this surface disagreement lay something deeper: a philosophical chasm between conservative justices about the very nature of presidential power.

Gorsuch Wants to Relitigate the 1930s

Justice Gorsuch is fighting a war that ended nearly a century ago. He wants to revive the "nondelegation doctrine"—the idea that Congress cannot delegate significant policymaking authority to presidents, period.

This doctrine had exactly two victories, both in 1935, when the Court struck down parts of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. One law gave FDR nearly limitless authority to "impose such conditions" on businesses "as the President in his discretion deems necessary." The Court said no.

But that was it. Since 1935, the Supreme Court has never again used nondelegation to strike down a federal law. The doctrine became a constitutional ghost—theoretically alive but practically dead.

Gorsuch wants to resurrect it. His vision would dramatically constrain what Congress can authorize presidents to do, essentially making the Supreme Court the final arbiter of executive power. As he put it, the Constitution "lodges the Nation's lawmaking powers in Congress alone," and courts should police that boundary aggressively.

Barrett's Babysitter Parable

Justice Barrett takes a different approach, one rooted not in constitutional theory but in common sense. In a previous case, she offered what's become known as the "Babysitter Parable."

Imagine parents hire a babysitter and say, "Make sure the kids have fun." The babysitter then takes them to Disney World for two days, spending thousands on the parents' credit card. Technically, the instruction was followed. But was it reasonable?

Barrett's point: when Congress writes vague laws, courts should interpret them modestly. But if Congress wants to give presidents sweeping power, it can do so—it just needs to be crystal clear about it.

"If the Constitution permits Congress to give the Executive a particular power," Barrett wrote, "who are we to get in the way?"

The Difference That Could Matter

This philosophical split hasn't affected outcomes yet—Gorsuch and Barrett almost always vote together. Both supported limiting Biden's power, and both joined the controversial decision giving Trump broad immunity for official acts.

But consider this scenario: In 2029, a Democratic Congress passes a law stating, "The Environmental Protection Agency shall promulgate regulations governing power plant emissions that ensure each plant uses the best system of emission reduction, including the regulations that the Supreme Court rejected in West Virginia v. EPA."

Gorsuch would likely strike this down as an unconstitutional delegation, regardless of how explicit Congress was. Barrett? Her framework suggests she might defer to such clear congressional authorization, even if she personally disagrees with the policy.

The Reality Check

There's reason for skepticism about Barrett's apparent modesty. In the student loan case, Biden v. Nebraska, she voted to block the administration's debt forgiveness program despite extraordinarily clear statutory authority. The law gave the Education Secretary power to "waive or modify any statutory or regulatory provision" during national emergencies, with language stating this authority exists "notwithstanding any other provision of law."

If that wasn't clear enough for Barrett, what would be?