South Korea's Push for Military Autonomy Puts 70-Year U.S. Alliance at a Crossroads

They're shaking hands, but the calculations under the table are complex. South Korea is accelerating its push for greater military autonomy—from seeking to retake wartime operational control (OPCON) from Washington to building its own nuclear-powered submarines. While the U.S. appears to be receptive, this shift in the decades-old alliance is being driven by a much larger geopolitical game: containing China.

Seoul's Drive for Self-Reliance

South Korean President Lee Jae Myung’s administration is aiming to retake wartime OPCON before his term ends in 2030. A transition would mean a South Korean general would lead the allies' combined forces during a conflict. In a sign of progress, Defense Minister Ahn Gyu-back and U.S. Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth agreed last month in Seoul to develop a roadmap to "expedite" the process, according to a Yonhap report.

This pursuit of autonomy extends beyond command structures. After bilateral missile guidelines were lifted in 2021, South Korea gained the ability to develop ballistic missiles with ranges greater than 800 kilometers. More recently, Seoul has been pushing to acquire nuclear-powered submarines, an effort that received backing from U.S. President Donald Trump during their summit in late October.

Washington's Strategic Calculus

The U.S. appears receptive because a stronger, more autonomous South Korea aligns with its broader strategy of countering China. Nam Chang-hee, a professor at Inha University, told Yonhap that Washington believes the benefits of bolstering its ally's capabilities to check China outweigh the risks of its increased autonomy. RAND Corp. senior defense analyst Bruce Bennett added that the U.S. government realizes that both the economic burden and control must be shared with its allies.

However, some observers argue that Trump's support is more transactional than strategic. His backing for the submarine project followed grueling trade negotiations where Seoul committed to investing US$350 billion in the U.S. The view on the ground is also more cautious. Gen. Xavier Brunson, commander of U.S. Forces Korea (USFK), has stressed that meeting the agreed-upon conditions for the OPCON transfer is more important than adhering to a specific timeline.