美國「矽幕聯盟」獨漏印度，科技競賽下新德里的戰略自主之路挑戰重重
美國主導的半導體新聯盟「矽幕聯盟」將印度排除在外，引發關注。在美中科技戰的背景下，本文分析印度在半導體、量子運算及能源等領域實現技術自主所面臨的嚴峻挑戰。
一個旨在確保AI時代半導體供應鏈的美國新聯盟，卻獨漏了亞洲的關鍵大國。這個名為「矽幕聯盟（Pax Silica）」的倡議將印度排除在外，凸顯了全球科技地緣政治正進入新階段。此舉發生在美國總統川普與中國國家主席習近平於南韓釜山會晤、試圖緩和關稅與技術管制緊張後不久。這場美中之間的「戰術休兵」，似乎正為鞏固各自的技術防線拉開序幕。
晶片自主的漫長賽道
在半導體產業，印度完全依賴進口。為此，政府推出「半導體任務」，為私營企業提供50%的共同資金支持。目前，塔塔集團正與台灣的力晶半導體（PSMC）合作，建立該國第一座商業晶圓廠，預計在2026年初達到每月5萬片晶圓的產能。然而，相較於擁有44座營運中晶圓廠、另有22座在建的中國，印度的追趕之路依然漫長。
量子與能源領域的雙重挑戰
在被視為未來國力關鍵的量子技術領域，印度的努力仍處於萌芽階段。儘管「量子任務」已建立4個研究中心，但在硬體開發上遠遠落後。根據2022年的數據，中國的公共投資高達153億美元，美國為37億美元，而印度僅10億美元，差距懸殊。在能源方面，電動車（EV）所需的鋰離子電池仍有超過85%依賴進口，同樣暴露了其產業的脆弱性。
醫藥供應鏈中的「中國風險」
印度雖是全球產量第三大的製藥國，但其供應鏈卻嚴重依賴中國。尤其在活性藥物成分（API）方面，2024年的進口依賴度仍高於70%，更有45種關鍵API完全仰賴外國。早在2014年，國家安全顧問阿吉特·多瓦爾就曾警告，對中國的依賴度高達85%，構成嚴重的安全隱患，此問題至今仍未解決。
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