北韓市場的終局？金正恩計畫年底前將私營「Jangmadang」收歸國有
北韓傳出計畫在年底前將私營市場「Jangmadang」收歸國有。本文分析其從饑荒時期崛起的背景、金正恩政權的策略轉變，以及此舉對北韓非正式經濟的未來意涵。
市場曾是北韓人民的生命線，如今卻可能成為國家的緊箍咒。根據來自北韓內部的最新消息，金正恩政權正計畫在今年年底前，將私營的市場商業活動全面納入國家管理體系。此舉不僅意圖重塑數十年來的草根經濟，也將深刻影響北韓社會的運作模式。
「苦難行軍」中誕生的生命線
要理解這些被稱為「Jangmadang」(市場) 的重要性，必須回溯至1990年代中期的「苦難行軍」大饑荒。當時國家配給系統失靈，人民為求生存，自發性地進行商品交易，從理髮、賣魚到販售蔬菜，這些微小的商業行為逐漸匯流，最終發展成遍布全國、獨立於國家監督之外的自由市場，成為名副其實的生命線。
從默許到鎮壓：疫情下的轉捩點
金正恩於2011年上台初期，對市場採取了默許態度。原因錯綜複雜：官員收賄的共生結構、被稱為「錢主」(Donju) 的新富階級影響力龐大，且市場已與民生密不可分。然而，市場也成為外部資訊流入的管道，例如USB隨身碟和手機，對強調資訊控制的平壤政權構成挑戰。
COVID-19疫情提供了絕佳的契機。自2020年1月起，北韓以防疫為名封鎖邊境，嚴打走私，此舉在切斷病毒傳播鏈的同時，也扼殺了市場的貨物來源。政權的目標並非摧毀，而是「收編」。他們先設立國家管理的設施，引導商販進駐，如今則邁出最後一步，要求所有私營業務併入國營經濟，完成對市場的全面控制。
黑市經濟能否被根除？
國家出手收編，是否意味著北韓黑市經濟的末日？答案可能是否定的。根深蒂固的賄賂文化與人民的應變能力，讓非官方經濟活動極具韌性。據報，一種稱為「Aekbeori」的體制早已盛行，員工賄賂國營企業主管，以換取在外兼職的時間。這類不依賴實體市場的交易，顯示非正式經濟已發展出新的樣態。
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